To a lesser extent, the disease is also caused by members of the S. globosa are the main etiological agents of sporotrichosis in humans and other mammals. Within a genus showing an essentially environmental core associated with plant debris, decaying wood, insects, and soil, only a few members have emerged in recent years with the ability to infect warm-blooded hosts.
Sporothrix (Ascomycota: Ophiostomatales) comprises 53 species reported in the literature. Adding molecular data in an outbreak response context can reveal better ways to improve public policies to contain the advance of sporotrichosis, by early detection, response, intervention, and follow-up. We report six highly effective sets of AFLP markers to discriminate Sporothrix at species and strain level, thus allowing tracking the spread of sporotrichosis. We investigated the usefulness of the AFLP technology, a DNA fingerprinting technique, which is based on the selective amplification of genomic restriction fragments by PCR to explore genetic diversity and population structure in Sporothrix during ongoing outbreaks. In recent years there has been a significant increase in the number of atypical and more severe cases of sporotrichosis, along with the expansion of the area of occurrence of Sporothrix species, such as the highly virulent S.
Not showing markers in msts route editor skin#
Sporothrix propagules gain entrance by traumatic implantation in the skin following two main routes of infection, which include animal transmission (e.g., cat-cat and cat-human) and plant origin. globosa are the main agents of sporotrichosis in humans and other mammals. Sporotrichosis is a subacute or chronic infection characterized by nodular lesions of the (sub)cutaneous tissues and adjacent lymphatics. These methods make it easier to track routes of disease transmission during epizooties and zoonosis, and our DNA fingerprint assay can be further transferred between laboratories to give insights into the ecology and evolution of pathogenic Sporothrix species and to inform management and mitigation strategies to tackle the advance of sporotrichosis. Three combinations (#3 EcoRI-FAM-GA/MseI-TT, #5 EcoRI-FAM-GA/MseI-AG, and #6 EcoRI-FAM-TA/MseI-AA) provide the best diversity indices and lowest error rates. globosa responsible for large sapronosis outbreaks in Asia. brasiliensis, responsible for cat-transmitted sporotrichosis, and S. AFLP markers revealed cryptic diversity in species previously thought to be the most prevalent clonal type, such as S. Based on the overall scored AFLP markers (97–137 fragments), the values of polymorphism information content ( PIC = 0.2552–0.3113), marker index ( MI = 0.002–0.0039), effective multiplex ratio ( E = 17.8519–35.2222), resolving power ( Rp = 33.6296–63.1852), discriminating power ( D = 0.9291–0.9662), expected heterozygosity ( H = 0.3003–0.3857), and mean heterozygosity ( H avp = 0.0001) demonstrated the utility of these primer combinations for discriminating Sporothrix. The protocol was used to genotype 27 medically relevant Sporothrix. In silico screening highlighted 6 primer pair combinations to be tested in vitro.
We used whole-genome sequences from Sporothrix species to generate 2,304 virtual AFLP fingerprints. This paper reports the use of amplified-fragment-length polymorphisms (AFLP) to assess the degree of intraspecific variability among Sporothrix species. DNA-based markers are needed to explore the epidemiology of these Sporothrix expansions using molecular methods. Epizootics followed by a zoonotic route occur in Brazil, with Rio de Janeiro as the epicenter of a recent cat-transmitted epidemic. globosa) or an alternative route through zoonotic transmission from animals (e.g., S. Infection occurs after a traumatic inoculation of Sporothrix propagules in mammals’ skin and can follow either a classic route through traumatic inoculation by plant debris (e.g., S. Sporotrichosis is a chronic subcutaneous mycosis caused by Sporothrix species, of which the main aetiological agents are S.
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